He was born in Adana on February 5, 1968. After receiving his bachelor's degree in International Relations at the Faculty of Political Sciences of Ankara University in 1988 and his master's degree in economics at New York Long Island University in 1991, Cavusoglu completed the “EU Specialization Program” at the EU Research and Application Center of Ankara University in 1993.

He started the doctoral program as a special student at the Department of International Relations of Bilkent University in 1993, and continued his doctoral studies at the London School of Economics (LSE) from 1993 to 1995 with Jean Monnet scholarship.

He is a founding member of the AKP (Justice and Development Party). He served as the Member of Parliament from Antalya for the 22nd, 23rd and 24th Parliamentary Terms. He served as the Vice Chairman of the AKP in charge of Foreign Affairs from January to December 2013.  He was the Chairman of the Turkey-Japan and Turkey-USA Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Caucus.

He served as the Vice President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), Chairman of the Turkish Delegation, Chairman of the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population, Chairman of the Sub-Committee of Migration, Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Tourism Development, and was a Member of Monitoring Committee, Committee on Economic Affairs and Development, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy. He also served as the Vice Chairman and Chief Whip of European Democrat Group (EDG).

He was elected as the President of the PACE (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) during 2010-2012 and is the first Turkish parliamentarian to undertake this duty. He was granted the title of Honorary President of the PACE on April 7, 2014.

He represented the PACE at the Venice Commission from January 27, 2012 to January 31, 2014.

He also served as the Chairman of the Turkish Delegation to the European Security and Defense Assembly (Assembly of Western European Union) from 2007 to 2010.

He served as the Minister for EU Affairs and Chief Negotiator from December 26, 2013 to August 29, 2014.

He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the 62th Government of the Republic of Turkey from August 29, 2014 to August 30, 2015.

He was re-appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the 64th and 65th Government of the Republic of Turkey.

He was appointed and served as the first Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Presidential Government System on July 9, 2018.

Mevlut Cavusoglu speaks English, German and Japan. He is married and has one children.